# Swarm secrets: what exists, and where each one lives

A swarm's credentials are generated in three different places and read in a
fourth, so "where does this file go" has a different answer per deployment.
This page is that answer, one row per secret.

Two rules run through all of it.

**A secret is a path, never a value.** Every option that carries a credential
takes a file path (`*File`), because a literal written into a nix expression is
rendered into the nix store — which is world-readable and permanent. There is no
option anywhere in this tree that accepts a secret inline, and adding one would
be a leak rather than a convenience.

**The generator and the reader are usually in different containers.** They share
the host's network namespace, which makes them feel co-located, but their
filesystem roots are separate. That is why delivery is a **host-side copy rather
than a bind mount**: `nixos-container` refuses to start when a bind source is
missing, and a secret minted on another container's first boot does not exist
yet. Binding it would make one container wait on a file that waits on a
container that starts after it.

## The three topologies

Every row below is read against one of these.

| topology | what it means | who places secrets |
|---|---|---|
| **all-local** | one host runs the swarm's shared services and its own hive | nobody — each secret is generated where it is read, or copied by a host unit |
| **swarm-managed** | the swarm's services run on a host with `swarmctl` | `swarmctl` writes what it owns; the rest is still generated in place |
| **hive elsewhere** | a hive that federates with a swarm it does not host | the operator provides the file and names it in config |

## Swarm-level — one of each per swarm

| secret | generated by | lives at | hive elsewhere |
|---|---|---|---|
| swarm root CA cert | `swarm-ca.nix` first-boot unit, when `autoConfigure` is set | `/var/lib/swarm-ca/root.pem` | operator copies the **cert** in; it is public |
| swarm root CA key | same unit | `/var/lib/swarm-ca/root-key.pem`, `0600` | stays on whichever host holds it — see the constraint below |
| swarm-services sub-CA (cert + key) | `swarm-ca.nix`, signed by the root | `/var/lib/swarm-ca/services-ca{,-key}.pem` | issued where the root lives |
| authelia session, JWT and storage-encryption keys | authelia's first-boot unit, in-container | `/var/lib/authelia-swarm/{session,jwt,storage-encryption}.key` | generated in place; nothing outside that container reads them |
| authelia OIDC HMAC key | same unit | `/var/lib/authelia-swarm/oidc-hmac.key` | same |
| authelia OIDC issuer key (RSA) | same unit | `/var/lib/authelia-swarm/oidc-issuer.key` | same — relying parties verify against the **public** half at `/jwks.json` |
| OIDC client secret, plaintext half | `authelia crypto hash generate --random` | `/var/lib/authelia-swarm/oidc-clients/<id>.secret` | operator provides the file and names it in the service's `sso.clientSecretFile` |
| OIDC client secret, digest half | the same mint | `oidc-clients/<id>.digest` | authelia's own half; merged at runtime via `settingsFiles` |
| authelia subject store | `swarmctl` | `users.json` (canonical) → `users.yml` (rendered) | `swarmctl`, on the host that runs authelia |
| wireguard private key | **the operator** — `wg genkey` | whatever `swarm.wireguard.privateKeyFile` names | always operator-provided; nothing generates this for you |

The three keys authelia mints for itself are generated in-container precisely
because nothing outside that container ever reads them. **That is the test worth
applying to any secret added here** — and the client secret's plaintext half is
the one row that fails it, which is the entire reason a delivery step exists.

## Hive-level — one of each per hive

| secret | generated by | lives at |
|---|---|---|
| hive CA cert + key | `hive-tls.nix` first-boot unit | `<tls.stateDir>/ca.pem`, `ca-key.pem` (`0600`) |
| hive leaf certs | `hive-tls.nix`, signed by the hive CA | `<tls.stateDir>/<name>.pem` |
| matrix registration token | a host activation script, on first boot | `/var/lib/hyperhive/matrix-register-token` (`0600`) |
| the forge's copy of its OIDC secret | `hive-forge-oidc-secret.service` copies it from authelia's tree | `/var/lib/forgejo-oidc/<id>.secret` inside the forge container |
| the homeserver's copy of its OIDC secret | `hive-matrix-oidc-secret.service`, same shape | `/var/lib/tuwunel-oidc/<id>.secret`, handed to tuwunel through `LoadCredential` |

Both delivery units wait for authelia's first boot to mint the secret — a
bounded wait, 120s — and then **fail loudly** rather than skipping. A silent skip
produces a service whose login button always fails, which is a symptom several
layers from its cause.

## The constraint that decides where the root lives

A hive CA carries `nameConstraints=permitted;DNS:<hive domain>`, and **a swarm
service name is a sibling of the hive domain rather than a child** — `forge.<swarm>`
next to `<hive>.<swarm>`. So a hive CA cannot issue a certificate for a swarm
service. Not by policy: by construction, and openssl enforces it.

Whatever holds the swarm root is therefore what makes swarm-service certificates
possible at all. Two things follow:

- **The root's private key is a runtime file and must never enter the nix
  store**, so nothing build-time can name it — `security.pki.certificateFiles` is
  read when the system is built, and is the wrong tool here. Trust reaches
  containers through a bind-mounted bundle assembled at boot instead.
- **On any topology other than all-local, placing that key is an operations
  decision**, not something this module tree makes for you. A hive that hosts no
  swarm services needs only the root's *cert*, to trust what others issue.

## Adding a secret

State three things, in the row you add above: **who mints it**, **which
container reads it**, and **what happens when they differ**. If they differ, it
needs a delivery unit, and the unit copies — it does not bind.