Arm!

Cargo.toml

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ crate-type = ["staticlib"]
 
 [dependencies]
 bitflags = "*"
+ransid = "*"
 spin = "*"
 
 [dependencies.goblin]
@@ -19,6 +20,9 @@ features = ["no_mach", "no_mach32", "no_pe", "no_pe32", "no_endian_fd", "pure"]
 [dev-dependencies]
 arch_test = { path = "arch/test" }
 
+[target.'cfg(target_arch = "arm")'.dependencies]
+arch_arm = { path = "arch/arm" }
+
 [target.'cfg(target_arch = "x86_64")'.dependencies]
 arch_x86_64 = { path = "arch/x86_64" }
 

Makefile

@@ -1,24 +1,27 @@
-ARCH?=x86_64
+ARCH?=arm
 
-LD=ld
 QEMU=qemu-system-$(ARCH)
-QEMUFLAGS=-enable-kvm -cpu host
+QEMUFLAGS=-serial mon:stdio -d guest_errors
 
-UNAME := $(shell uname)
-ifeq ($(UNAME),Darwin)
-	LD=$(ARCH)-elf-ld
-	QEMUFLAGS=
+ifeq ($(ARCH),arm)
+	LD=$(ARCH)-none-eabi-ld
+	QEMUFLAGS+=-cpu arm1176 -machine integratorcp
+	QEMUFLAGS+=-nographic
+else
+	LD=ld
+	QEMUFLAGS+=-enable-kvm -cpu host -machine q35 -smp 4
+	#,int,pcall
+	#-nographic
+	#-device intel-iommu
+
+	UNAME := $(shell uname)
+	ifeq ($(UNAME),Darwin)
+		LD=$(ARCH)-elf-ld
+		QEMUFLAGS=
+	endif
 endif
 
-QEMUFLAGS+=-smp 4 -machine q35
-QEMUFLAGS+=-serial mon:stdio
-QEMUFLAGS+=-d guest_errors
-#,int,pcall
-#-nographic
-#-device intel-iommu
-
-
-all: build/harddrive.bin
+all: build/kernel.bin
 
 list: build/kernel.list
 
@@ -27,9 +30,6 @@ run: bochs
 bochs: build/harddrive.bin
 	bochs -f bochs.$(ARCH)
 
-qemu: build/harddrive.bin
-	$(QEMU) $(QEMUFLAGS) -drive file=$<,format=raw,index=0,media=disk
-
 FORCE:
 
 build/libcore.rlib: rust/src/libcore/lib.rs
@@ -53,13 +53,24 @@ build/libkernel.a: build/libcore.rlib build/liballoc.rlib build/libcollections.r
 	RUSTC="./rustc.sh" cargo rustc --target $(ARCH)-unknown-none.json -- -C soft-float -o $@
 
 build/kernel.bin: build/libkernel.a
-	$(LD) --gc-sections -z max-page-size=0x1000 -T bootloader/x86/kernel.ld -o $@ $<
+	$(LD) --gc-sections -z max-page-size=0x1000 -T arch/$(ARCH)/src/linker.ld -o $@ $<
 
+ifeq ($(ARCH),arm)
+build/kernel.list: build/kernel.bin
+	$(ARCH)-none-eabi-objdump -C -D $< > $@
+
+qemu: build/kernel.bin
+	$(QEMU) $(QEMUFLAGS) -kernel $<
+else
 build/kernel.list: build/kernel.bin
 	objdump -C -M intel -D $< > $@
 
 build/harddrive.bin: build/kernel.bin
-	nasm -f bin -o $@ -D ARCH_$(ARCH) -ibootloader/x86/ -ibuild/ bootloader/x86/harddrive.asm
+	nasm -f bin -o $@ -D ARCH_$(ARCH) -ibootloader/$(ARCH)/ -ibuild/ bootloader/$(ARCH)/harddrive.asm
+
+qemu: build/harddrive.bin
+	$(QEMU) $(QEMUFLAGS) -drive file=$<,format=raw,index=0,media=disk
+endif
 
 clean:
 	rm -rf build/* target/*

arch/arm/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+[package]
+name = "arch_arm"
+version = "0.1.0"
+
+[dependencies]
+bitflags = "*"
+hole_list_allocator = { path = "../../alloc/hole_list_allocator"}
+spin = "*"

arch/arm/src/context.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct Context;
+
+impl Context {
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        Context
+    }
+}
+

arch/arm/src/externs.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+/// Memcpy
+///
+/// Copy N bytes of memory from one location to another.
+#[no_mangle]
+pub unsafe extern fn memcpy(dest: *mut u8, src: *const u8,
+                            n: usize) -> *mut u8 {
+    let mut i = 0;
+    while i < n {
+        *dest.offset(i as isize) = *src.offset(i as isize);
+        i += 1;
+    }
+
+    dest
+}
+
+/// Memmove
+///
+/// Copy N bytes of memory from src to dest. The memory areas may overlap.
+#[no_mangle]
+pub unsafe extern fn memmove(dest: *mut u8, src: *const u8,
+                             n: usize) -> *mut u8 {
+    if src < dest as *const u8 {
+        let mut i = n;
+        while i != 0 {
+            i -= 1;
+            *dest.offset(i as isize) = *src.offset(i as isize);
+        }
+    } else {
+        let mut i = 0;
+        while i < n {
+            *dest.offset(i as isize) = *src.offset(i as isize);
+            i += 1;
+        }
+    }
+
+    dest
+}
+
+/// Memset
+///
+/// Fill a block of memory with a specified value.
+#[no_mangle]
+pub unsafe extern fn memset(s: *mut u8, c: i32, n: usize) -> *mut u8 {
+    let mut i = 0;
+    while i < n {
+        *s.offset(i as isize) = c as u8;
+        i += 1;
+    }
+
+    s
+}
+
+/// Memcmp
+///
+/// Compare two blocks of memory.
+#[no_mangle]
+pub unsafe extern fn memcmp(s1: *const u8, s2: *const u8, n: usize) -> i32 {
+    let mut i = 0;
+
+    while i < n {
+        let a = *s1.offset(i as isize);
+        let b = *s2.offset(i as isize);
+        if a != b {
+            return a as i32 - b as i32
+        }
+        i += 1;
+    }
+
+    0
+}

arch/arm/src/interrupt.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+//! Interrupt instructions
+
+/// Clear interrupts
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn disable() {
+}
+
+/// Set interrupts
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn enable() {
+}
+
+/// Set interrupts and halt
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn enable_and_halt() {
+    halt();
+}
+
+/// Halt instruction
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn halt() {
+    //asm!("wfi" : : : : "volatile");
+    asm!("nop" : : : : "volatile");
+}
+
+/// Get a stack trace
+//TODO: Check for stack being mapped before dereferencing
+#[inline(never)]
+pub unsafe fn stack_trace() {
+}

arch/arm/src/lib.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+//! Architecture support for ARM
+
+#![feature(asm)]
+#![feature(lang_items)]
+#![feature(naked_functions)]
+#![no_std]
+
+extern crate hole_list_allocator as allocator;
+#[macro_use]
+extern crate bitflags;
+extern crate spin;
+
+/// Print to console
+#[macro_export]
+macro_rules! print {
+    ($($arg:tt)*) => ({});
+}
+
+/// Print with new line to console
+#[macro_export]
+macro_rules! println {
+    ($fmt:expr) => (print!(concat!($fmt, "\n")));
+    ($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)*) => (print!(concat!($fmt, "\n"), $($arg)*));
+}
+
+/// Context switching
+pub mod context;
+
+/// Memset, memcpy, etc.
+pub mod externs;
+
+/// Interrupt handling
+pub mod interrupt;
+
+/// Panic support
+pub mod panic;
+
+/// Initialization function
+pub mod start;

arch/arm/src/linker.ld

@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+ENTRY(kstart)
+OUTPUT_ARCH(arm)
+OUTPUT_FORMAT(elf32-littlearm)
+
+KERNEL_OFFSET = 0;
+
+SECTIONS {
+    . = KERNEL_OFFSET;
+
+    .text : AT(ADDR(.text) - KERNEL_OFFSET) {
+        __text_start = .;
+        *(.text*)
+	. = ALIGN(4096);
+        __text_end = .;
+    }
+
+	.rodata : AT(ADDR(.rodata) - KERNEL_OFFSET) {
+        __rodata_start = .;
+        *(.rodata*)
+	. = ALIGN(4096);
+        __rodata_end = .;
+    }
+
+    .data : AT(ADDR(.data) - KERNEL_OFFSET) {
+        __data_start = .;
+        *(.data*)
+	. = ALIGN(4096);
+        __data_end = .;
+    }
+
+    .tdata : AT(ADDR(.tdata) - KERNEL_OFFSET) {
+        __tdata_start = .;
+        *(.tdata*)
+        . = ALIGN(4096);
+        __tdata_end = .;
+        __tbss_start = .;
+        *(.tbss*)
+        . += 8;
+        . = ALIGN(4096);
+        __tbss_end = .;
+    }
+
+    .bss : AT(ADDR(.bss) - KERNEL_OFFSET) {
+        __bss_start = .;
+        *(.bss*)
+        . = ALIGN(4096);
+        __bss_end = .;
+    }
+
+    __end = .;
+
+    /DISCARD/ : {
+        *(.comment*)
+        *(.debug*)
+        *(.eh_frame*)
+        *(.gcc_except_table*)
+        *(.note*)
+        *(.rel.eh_frame*)
+    }
+}

arch/arm/src/panic.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+//! Intrinsics for panic handling
+
+use interrupt;
+
+#[cfg(not(test))]
+#[lang = "eh_personality"]
+extern "C" fn eh_personality() {}
+
+#[cfg(not(test))]
+/// Required to handle panics
+#[lang = "panic_fmt"]
+extern "C" fn panic_fmt(fmt: ::core::fmt::Arguments, file: &str, line: u32) -> ! {
+    println!("PANIC: {}", fmt);
+    println!("FILE: {}", file);
+    println!("LINE: {}", line);
+
+    unsafe { interrupt::stack_trace(); }
+
+    println!("HALT");
+    loop {
+        unsafe { interrupt::halt(); }
+    }
+}
+
+#[allow(non_snake_case)]
+#[no_mangle]
+/// Required to handle panics
+pub extern "C" fn _Unwind_Resume() -> ! {
+    loop {
+        unsafe { interrupt::halt(); }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Required for linker
+#[no_mangle]
+pub extern "C" fn __aeabi_unwind_cpp_pr0() {
+    loop {}
+}

arch/arm/src/start.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+const SERIAL_BASE: *mut u8 = 0x16000000 as *mut u8;
+const SERIAL_FLAG_REGISTER: *const u8 = 0x16000018 as *const u8;
+const SERIAL_BUFFER_FULL: u8 =  (1 << 5);
+
+unsafe fn putc (c: u8)
+{
+    /* Wait until the serial buffer is empty */
+    while *SERIAL_FLAG_REGISTER & SERIAL_BUFFER_FULL == SERIAL_BUFFER_FULL {}
+
+    /* Put our character, c, into the serial buffer */
+    *SERIAL_BASE = c;
+}
+
+unsafe fn puts(string: &str)
+{
+    for b in string.bytes() {
+        putc(b);
+    }
+}
+
+#[no_mangle]
+#[naked]
+pub unsafe extern fn kstart() -> ! {
+    asm!("mov sp, 0x18000" : : : : "volatile");
+    puts("TEST\r\n");
+    loop {}
+}

arch/x86_64/src/linker.ld

@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+ENTRY(kstart)
+OUTPUT_FORMAT(elf64-x86-64)
+
+KERNEL_OFFSET = 0x100000;
+
+SECTIONS {
+    . = KERNEL_OFFSET;
+
+    . += SIZEOF_HEADERS;
+    . = ALIGN(4096);
+
+    .text : AT(ADDR(.text) - KERNEL_OFFSET) {
+        __text_start = .;
+        *(.text*)
+		. = ALIGN(4096);
+        __text_end = .;
+    }
+
+	.rodata : AT(ADDR(.rodata) - KERNEL_OFFSET) {
+        __rodata_start = .;
+        *(.rodata*)
+		. = ALIGN(4096);
+        __rodata_end = .;
+    }
+
+    .data : AT(ADDR(.data) - KERNEL_OFFSET) {
+        __data_start = .;
+        *(.data*)
+		. = ALIGN(4096);
+        __data_end = .;
+    }
+
+    .tdata : AT(ADDR(.tdata) - KERNEL_OFFSET) {
+        __tdata_start = .;
+        *(.tdata*)
+        . = ALIGN(4096);
+        __tdata_end = .;
+        __tbss_start = .;
+        *(.tbss*)
+        . += 8;
+        . = ALIGN(4096);
+        __tbss_end = .;
+    }
+
+    .bss : AT(ADDR(.bss) - KERNEL_OFFSET) {
+        __bss_start = .;
+        *(.bss*)
+        . = ALIGN(4096);
+        __bss_end = .;
+    }
+
+    __end = .;
+
+    /DISCARD/ : {
+        *(.comment*)
+        *(.debug*)
+        *(.eh_frame*)
+        *(.gcc_except_table*)
+        *(.note*)
+        *(.rel.eh_frame*)
+    }
+}

arm-unknown-none.json

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+{
+    "llvm-target": "arm-unknown-none",
+    "target-endian": "little",
+    "target-pointer-width": "32",
+    "data-layout": "e-m:e-p:32:32-i64:64-v128:64:128-a:0:32-n32-S64",
+    "arch": "arm",
+    "os": "none",
+    "env": "",
+    "vendor": "unknown",
+    "target-family": "redox",
+    "pre-link-args": ["-m32", "-nostdlib", "-static"],
+    "features": "+soft-float",
+    "dynamic-linking": false,
+    "executables": false,
+    "relocation-model": "static",
+    "code-model": "kernel",
+    "disable-redzone": true,
+    "eliminate-frame-pointer": false,
+    "exe-suffix": "",
+    "has-rpath": false,
+    "no-compiler-rt": true,
+    "no-default-libraries": true,
+    "position-independent-executables": false,
+    "has-elf-tls": true
+}

bootloader/arm/start.s

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+interrupt_vector_table:
+    b . @ Reset
+    b . 
+    b . @ SWI instruction
+    b . 
+    b .
+    b .
+    b .
+    b .
+
+.comm stack, 0x10000 @ Reserve 64k stack in the BSS
+_start:
+    .globl _start
+    ldr sp, =stack+0x10000 @ Set up the stack
+    bl kstart @ Jump to the main function
+1: 
+    b 1b @ Halt

bootloader/x86_64/bootsector.asm

@@ -0,0 +1,131 @@
+ORG 0x7C00
+SECTION .text
+USE16
+
+boot: ; dl comes with disk
+    ; initialize segment registers
+    xor ax, ax
+    mov ds, ax
+    mov es, ax
+    mov ss, ax
+
+    ; initialize stack
+    mov sp, 0x7C00
+
+    mov [disk], dl
+
+    mov si, name
+    call print
+    call print_line
+
+    mov bh, 0
+    mov bl, [disk]
+    call print_num
+    call print_line
+
+    mov ax, (startup_start - boot) / 512
+    mov bx, startup_start
+    mov cx, (startup_end - startup_start) / 512
+    xor dx, dx
+    call load
+
+    mov si, finished
+    call print
+    call print_line
+
+    jmp startup
+
+; load some sectors from disk to a buffer in memory
+; buffer has to be below 1MiB
+; IN
+;   ax: start sector
+;   bx: offset of buffer
+;   cx: number of sectors (512 Bytes each)
+;   dx: segment of buffer
+; CLOBBER
+;   ax, bx, cx, dx, si
+; TODO rewrite to (eventually) move larger parts at once
+; if that is done increase buffer_size_sectors in startup-common to that (max 0x80000 - startup_end)
+load:
+    cmp cx, 64
+    jbe .good_size
+
+    pusha
+    mov cx, 64
+    call load
+    popa
+    add ax, 64
+    add dx, 64 * 512 / 16
+    sub cx, 64
+
+    jmp load
+.good_size:
+    mov [DAPACK.addr], ax
+    mov [DAPACK.buf], bx
+    mov [DAPACK.count], cx
+    mov [DAPACK.seg], dx
+
+    mov si, loading
+    call print
+
+    mov bx, [DAPACK.addr]
+    call print_num
+
+    mov al, '#'
+    call print_char
+
+    mov bx, [DAPACK.count]
+    call print_num
+
+    mov al, ' '
+    call print_char
+
+    mov bx, [DAPACK.seg]
+    call print_num
+
+    mov al, ':'
+    call print_char
+
+    mov bx, [DAPACK.buf]
+    call print_num
+
+    call print_line
+
+    mov dl, [disk]
+    mov si, DAPACK
+    mov ah, 0x42
+    int 0x13
+    jc error
+    ret
+
+error:
+    mov si, errored
+    call print
+    call print_line
+.halt:
+    cli
+    hlt
+    jmp .halt
+
+%include "print16.asm"
+
+name: db "Redox Loader",0
+loading: db "Load ",0
+errored: db "Could not read disk",0
+finished: db "Finished Loading",0
+line: db 13,10,0
+
+disk: db 0
+
+DAPACK:
+        db 0x10
+        db 0
+.count: dw 0 ; int 13 resets this to # of blocks actually read/written
+.buf:   dw 0 ; memory buffer destination address (0:7c00)
+.seg:   dw 0 ; in memory page zero
+.addr:  dd 0 ; put the lba to read in this spot
+        dd 0 ; more storage bytes only for big lba's ( > 4 bytes )
+
+times 510-($-$$) db 0
+db 0x55
+db 0xaa

bootloader/x86_64/descriptor_flags.inc

@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+attrib:
+    .present              equ 1 << 7
+    .ring1                equ 1 << 5
+    .ring2                equ 1 << 6
+    .ring3                equ 1 << 5 | 1 << 6
+    .user                 equ 1 << 4
+;user
+    .code                 equ 1 << 3
+;   code
+    .conforming           equ 1 << 2
+    .readable             equ 1 << 1
+;   data
+    .expand_down          equ 1 << 2
+    .writable             equ 1 << 1
+    .accessed             equ 1 << 0
+;system
+;   legacy
+    .tssAvailabe16        equ 0x1
+    .ldt                  equ 0x2
+    .tssBusy16            equ 0x3
+    .call16               equ 0x4
+    .task                 equ 0x5
+    .interrupt16          equ 0x6
+    .trap16               equ 0x7
+    .tssAvailabe32        equ 0x9
+    .tssBusy32            equ 0xB
+    .call32               equ 0xC
+    .interrupt32          equ 0xE
+    .trap32               equ 0xF
+;   long mode
+    .ldt32                equ 0x2
+    .tssAvailabe64        equ 0x9
+    .tssBusy64            equ 0xB
+    .call64               equ 0xC
+    .interrupt64          equ 0xE
+    .trap64               equ 0xF
+
+flags:
+    .granularity equ 1 << 7
+    .available equ 1 << 4
+;user
+    .default_operand_size equ 1 << 6
+;   code
+    .long_mode equ 1 << 5
+;   data
+    .reserved equ 1 << 5

bootloader/x86_64/gdt_entry.inc

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+struc GDTEntry
+    .limitl resw 1
+    .basel resw 1
+    .basem resb 1
+    .attribute resb 1
+    .flags__limith resb 1
+    .baseh resb 1
+endstruc

bootloader/x86_64/harddrive.asm

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+%include "bootsector.asm"
+
+startup_start:
+%ifdef ARCH_i386
+    %include "startup-i386.asm"
+%endif
+
+%ifdef ARCH_x86_64
+    %include "startup-x86_64.asm"
+%endif
+align 512, db 0
+startup_end:
+
+kernel_file:
+  incbin "kernel.bin"
+  align 512, db 0
+.end:
+.length equ kernel_file.end - kernel_file
+.length_sectors equ .length / 512

bootloader/x86_64/initialize.asm

@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+SECTION .text
+USE16
+
+initialize:
+.fpu: ;enable fpu
+    mov eax, cr0
+    and al, 11110011b
+    or al, 00100010b
+    mov cr0, eax
+    mov eax, cr4
+    or eax, 0x200
+    mov cr4, eax
+    fninit
+    ret
+
+.sse: ;enable sse
+    mov eax, cr4
+    or ax, 0000011000000000b
+    mov cr4, eax
+    ret
+
+;PIT Frequency
+;If using nanoseconds, to minimize drift, one should find a frequency as close to an integer nanosecond value in wavelength
+;Divider    Hz                                Nanoseconds                            Properties
+;2685        444.38795779019242706393        2250286.00003631746492922946        Best For Context Switching
+;5370        222.19397889509621353196        4500572.00007263492985856020
+;21029       56.73981961418358774390         17624306.99991199998882825455
+;23714       50.31549576902532962244         19874592.99994831745375667118
+;26399       45.19798729749864262535         22124878.99998463491868476373
+;29084       41.02536331545408701233         24375165.00002095238361424615
+;31769       37.55804925136663623868         26625451.00005726984854313455
+;34454       34.63115071302799868423         28875737.00009358731347639618
+;50113       23.80982313305263437963         41999471.99993295237244784676
+;52798       22.59899364874932131267         44249757.99996926983737931766
+;55483       21.50535599492937776736         46500044.00000558730230583335        Lowest Drift
+;58168       20.51268165772704350616         48750330.00004190476724037528
+;60853       19.60760630809765610021         51000616.00007822223218031738
+
+.pit:
+    ;initialize the PIT
+    mov ax, 5370 ;this is the divider for the PIT
+    out 0x40, al
+    rol ax, 8
+    out 0x40, al
+    ;DISABLED ;enable rtc interrupt
+    ;mov al, 0xB
+    ;out 0x70, al
+    ;rol ax, 8
+    ;in al, 0x71
+    ;rol ax, 8
+    ;out 0x70, al
+    ;rol ax, 8
+    ;or al, 0x40
+    ;out 0x71, al
+    ret
+
+.pic:    ;sets up IRQs at int 20-2F
+    mov al, 0x11
+    out 0x20, al
+    out 0xA0, al
+    mov al, 0x20    ;IRQ0 vector
+    out 0x21, al
+    mov al, 0x28    ;IRQ8 vector
+    out 0xA1, al
+    mov al, 4
+    out 0x21, al
+    mov al, 2
+    out 0xA1, al
+    mov al, 1
+    out 0x21, al
+    out 0xA1, al
+    xor al, al        ;no IRQ masks
+    out 0x21, al
+    out 0xA1, al
+    mov al, 0x20    ;reset PIC's
+    out 0xA0, al
+    out 0x20, al
+    ret

bootloader/x86_64/memory_map.asm

@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+SECTION .text
+USE16
+;Generate a memory map at 0x500 to 0x5000 (available memory not used for kernel or bootloader)
+memory_map:
+.start  equ 0x0500
+.end    equ 0x5000
+.length equ .end - .start
+
+    xor eax, eax
+    mov di, .start
+    mov ecx, .length / 4 ; moving 4 Bytes at once
+    cld
+    rep stosd
+
+    mov di, .start
+    mov edx, 0x534D4150
+    xor ebx, ebx
+.lp:
+    mov eax, 0xE820
+    mov ecx, 24
+
+    int 0x15
+    jc .done ; Error or finished
+
+    cmp ebx, 0
+    je .done ; Finished
+
+    add di, 24
+    cmp di, .end
+    jb .lp ; Still have buffer space
+.done:
+    ret

bootloader/x86_64/print16.asm

@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+SECTION .text
+USE16
+; provide function for printing in x86 real mode
+
+
+; a newline
+newline: db 0xD, 0xA, 0
+
+; print a string and a newline
+; IN
+;   si: points at zero-terminated String
+; CLOBBER
+;   ax
+print_line:
+    mov si, newline
+    call print
+    ret
+
+; print a string
+; IN
+;   si: points at zero-terminated String
+; CLOBBER
+;   ax
+print:
+    lodsb
+    test al, al
+    jz .done
+    call print_char
+    jmp print
+.done:
+    ret
+
+; print a character
+; IN
+;   al: character to print
+; CLOBBER
+;   ah
+print_char:
+    mov ah, 0x0e
+    int 0x10
+    ret
+
+; print a number in hex
+; IN
+;   bx: the number
+; CLOBBER
+;   cx, ax
+print_num:
+    mov cx, 4
+.lp:
+    mov al, bh
+    shr al, 4
+
+    cmp al, 0xA
+    jb .below_0xA
+
+    add al, 'A' - 0xA - '0'
+.below_0xA:
+    add al, '0'
+
+    call print_char
+
+    shl bx, 4
+    loop .lp
+
+    ret